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|branch = United States Army |serviceyears = 1839–1854 1861–1869 |rank = General of the Army |commands = 21st Illinois Infantry Regiment Army of the Tennessee Military Division of the Mississippi United States Army |battles = Mexican-American War American Civil War }} Ulysses S. Grant (born Hiram Ulysses Grant; April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885) was the 18th president of the United States (1869–1877) following his success as military commander in the American Civil War. Under Grant, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military; the war, and secession, ended with the surrender of Robert E. Lee's army at Appomattox Court House. As president, Grant led the Radical Republicans in their effort to eliminate vestiges of Confederate nationalism and slavery, protect African American citizenship, and defeat the Ku Klux Klan. In foreign policy, Grant sought to increase American trade and influence, while remaining at peace with the world. Although his Republican Party split in 1872 as reformers denounced him, Grant was easily reelected. During his second term the country's economy was devastated by the Panic of 1873, while investigations exposed corruption scandals in the administration. The conservative white Southerners regained control of Southern state governments and Democrats took control of the federal House of Representatives. By the time Grant left the White House in 1877, his Reconstruction policies were being undone. After leaving office, Grant embarked on a two-year world tour that included many enthusiastic receptions. In 1880, he made an unsuccessful bid for a third presidential term. However, his memoirs, written as he was dying, were a critical and popular success, and his death prompted an outpouring of national mourning. Historical assessements of the Grant Administration have traditionally been critical; Grant's presidency having been ranked among the lowest by historians. Grant's reputation was marred by his defense of corrupt appointees and by his conservative deflationary policy during the Panic of 1873. While still below average, his reputation among scholars has significantly improved in recent years because of greater appreciation for his commitment to civil rights, moral courage in his prosecution of the Ku Klux Klan, and enforcement of voting rights. There are ubundant historial material resources on Grant and his role during the Civil War. However, there have been few historical scholarly studies, mostly negative, on his presidency. Analysis of Grant's presidency by some modern scholars, including Grant biographers Jean Edward Smith (2001) and H.W. Brands (2012), have generally been more positive and less critical of Grant. Enclycopedic presidential summary biographies of Grant rely heavily on secondary sources and tend to offer non scholarly negative views of Grant. According to one bibliographical source, to obtain a more complete assessment of Grant and his presidency during Reconstruction both contemporary, primary, and scholarly accounts of Grant, his Inaugural Addresses, including his communications and annual messages to Congress are recommended readings. In May 2012, on the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of the Ulysses S. Grant Foundation, Mississippi State University was selected as the permanent location for Ulysses S. Grant's Presidential Library.〔See (website )〕 Historian John Simon edited Grant's letters into a 32-volume scholarly edition published by Southern Illinois University Press.〔See (Catalog ). A search engine is at (Ulysses S Grant Digital Collections at Mississippi State U )〕 ==Biographical and political== * * * *Burr, Frank, 1885. ''Life and Deeds of General Ulysses S. Grant'', National Publishing, Philadelphia * *Cadwallader, Sylvanus, 1955 ''Three years with Grant, as recalled by war correspondent Sylvanus Cadwallader'' Knopf Publishers, New York *Carpenter, John A. 1970, ''Ulysses S. Grant'', Twayne Publishers, New York. *Church, William Conant, 1897. ''Ulysses S. Grant and the period of national preservation and reconstruction'', G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York. (e'Book ) *Coolidge, Louis, 1924. ''Ulysses S. Grant'', Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, New York * * * Edmonds, Franklin Spencer, 1915, ''Ulysses S. Grant'', George W. Jacobs, Publishers, Philadelphia * * * * *King, Charles, 1914, ''The True Ulysses S. Grant'', J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, London * * * * * * ; Pulitzer Prize * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Woodward, William E. (1931). ''Meet General Grant'', Garden Publishing Company, (Original from University of Virginia Press), 524 pages 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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